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Global Network Space Newsletter 13
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The Pentagon is expected to announce on October 1 the merger of the U.S. Space Command with the Strategic Command. The new national entity - tentatively named "Global Operations Command" or "GoCom" will be headquartered at Offutt A.F.B. in Nebraska. The purpose of the merger of the two giants is to "streamline the military's strategic decision making process," a Pentagon spokesman recently stated. GoCom will be in charge of missile defense, cyber operations (computer network defense and attack), protection of space resources, and would be the "keeper of the keys" for nuclear weapons and delivery vehicles - bombers, submarines, and ICBM's. Air Force and Army Space Commands will remain at Peterson A.F.B. in Colorado Springs where they handle 85-90% of military space operations on a daily basis. The Navy Space Command might also move to Peterson in the future as well. According to Gen. Richard Myers, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, "I would submit that the new command has the potential to harness even better the power of what we're thinking about for space on a global perspective." (See:
Pentagon takes close look at combining commands ; For some time the U.S. military and oil interests have been looking for a pretext to move into Central Asia. September 11 gave the U.S. just such an excuse to set up permanent operations in the region. Just like the U.S. cavalry claimed that they were protecting settlers from "hostile" Native Americans during westward expansion, today the U.S. reassures us that they are out to stop "terrorism." The U.S. cavalry "secured" Indian land for eventual expansion of the fledgling U.S. empire. Today in oil rich Central Asia, it's more of the same, U.S. imperial expansion. With the lease of air bases in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan (less than 200 miles from China) and U.S. troops in Afghanistan for a "long, long time" a new move in the global chess game has been made. Checkmate! The new bases place American forces on China's western frontier, on Russia's southern border, and next door to Iran, which Bush has labeled part of the "axis of evil." Secretary of State Colin Powell told the House International Relations Committee last spring that "America will have a continuing interest and presence in Central Asia of a kind that we could not have dreamed of before." All of this will also be a boost to the U.S.'s number one industrial export - weapons. Bush has reportedly pledged up to $150 million in loans and grants to Uzbekistan and is ready to condone human rights abuses in the region in return for their loyalty and obedience. In the former Soviet Republic of Georgia, the U.S. has deployed 10 combat helicopters and 150 military instructors to train a "rapid reaction force" which will guard strategic sites in Georgia - particularly oil pipelines. (See:
US preparing for long stay in central Asia ;
U.S. Deputy Secretary of War Paul Wolfowitz has said the second phase of the "war on terrorism" will focus on expanding U.S. military operations in the Philippines, Somalia, Yemen, and Indonesia. Nearly 1,000 U.S. troops have been sent to the Philippines in the past year. During a recent visit to Thailand, Colin Powell told Thai TV that increasing U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia is a key goal of the Bush's foreign policy and that the U.S. would act as a "stabilizing presence" in collaboration with regional friends. Specifically in the Asian-Pacific, Peter Brookes, a Deputy Assistant Secretary of War, claims that the U.S. is seeking "contingency basing options" and more access in the region. He says, "We are exploring options to homeport 3-4 additional surface combatants in the region, as well as guided-missile submarines to improve our forward deterrent posture." Riding the tide of war, Bush's nearly $400 billion Pentagon budget sailed through Congress this year. A timid Democratic-controlled Senate tinkered around the edges and reluctantly raised a few questions about the essential underpinnings of a comprehensive strategy and detailed framework for "transforming" the size and structure of U.S. forces. There was not a question about U.S. empire building, about U.S. economic and military control and domination of the world. There were only questions about "transforming" the military, and how space fits into the whole equation. (See:
US prepares to hit al-qaeda in Somalia ; The U.S. war in landlocked Afghanistan has bolstered the need for a military presence in outer space says Gen. Lester Lyles, the Air Force Commander of Research & Development at Kirtland A.F.B. in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Since the 9-11 attacks, "We've had greater demonstrations on how space is almost invaluable to helping accomplish our missions." The Space Command's Aerospace Operations Center (AOC) at Vandenberg A.F.B. in California has played a key role in the Afghanistan war. According to Maj. Gen. William Looney, "The challenge of both our AOC, and the one they have right now in Saudia Arabia at Prince Sultan Air Base that is orchestrating this, is to integrate all of this magnificent capability we possess so that we maximize and optimize the efficiency of what it is we can bring to bear. The only way we could have done that with the number of sorties we've flown.is through the navigation and timing capabilities that are provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) we have." Recognizing that space "control and domination" lead to control and domination of any Earth battlefield, the Pentagon and aerospace industry are thinking ahead. Peter Teets, former President of Lockheed-Martin, and now the Undersecretary of the Air Force, recently stated, "One of the main problems that has hampered space programs has been a lack of stable funding. We're going to work to improve that." One of the programs Teets wants funded long-term is the new space-based radar, designed to track moving ground targets around the globe 24 hours a day and in all types of weather. Initial research & development cost would be $91 million. At a recent Department of Defense (DoD) conference called Scientists Helping America, other "21st Century warfare" ideas were discussed. Space.com reported that "Robotic systems, down to micro and nano-size, are to be used in the battlefield and can be controlled via satellite from remote locations. Directed energy weapons are also on tap. For instance, high-powered microwave beams can render helpless computers and communication equipment. 'Soft targets,' meaning humans, can also be damaged via intense microwave or laser beams." One can only venture a guess as to where the money will come from to pay for these new exotic, high-tech weapons. Expect further
severe cuts in social security, health care, education, child care, public transit, and environmental programs. Sen. Jack Reed (D-R.I.), Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Strategic
Forces Subcommittee recently told Space News, "My sense is that the Pentagon needs to allocate more money in its budget toward space programs." On August 19 Time Magazine ran a story entitled "Inside the Secret War Council" which reported on the Defense Policy Board chaired by Richard Perle - a Reagan Pentagon official whose hard line views won him the title of "Prince of Darkness." Other members of the "Board" include Dan Quayle, Newt Gingrich, former CIA Chief James Woolsey, and former CIA and Pentagon boss James Schlesinger. Perle recently authored a column in the London Daily Telegraph called "Why the West Must Strike First Against Saddam Hussein." The Defense Policy Board is charged with helping Secretary of War Rumsfeld complete the "transformation" of the U.S. global war machine into a colder, larger, more efficient and lethal one. In addition, over the years the "Board" has played a key role in the concerted campaign to get the U.S. intelligence community to alter
its conclusions about when and how "rogue states" will be able to have weapons of mass destruction. Until 1998, it was an article of faith for the U.S. intelligence community that no
potentially hostile country - apart from Russia or China - would pose a long-range missile threat to the U.S. before 2010, at the earliest. Scarcely a year later, CIA analysts were saying
something entirely different. Thus, the predicate for missile defense and a new policy of preemptive strike was artificially created.
6) THE REAL TARGET Within a decade, China's trade is likely to surpass that of Japan and Germany, making China the world's second largest trader. China is currently preoccupied with economics, not military adventurism. But the U.S. fears a strong China and is now embracing a closer political and military relationship with Taiwan than any U.S. government in decades as a way of expanding the new China containment plan. For years, U.S. administrations maintained "strategic ambiguity" toward Taiwan, a position meant to discourage Taiwan from declaring independence while keeping Beijing confused about how the U.S. would respond to a Chinese offensive. Bush signaled a change in this strategy by early on committing the U.S. to "whatever it takes" to defend Taiwan. So, if China does expand military spending in response to U.S. moves in the region - all the better. If China builds more nuclear weapons then Bush has the "moral" justification for expanding Star Wars development even further to protect the homeland from "godless aggression." U.S. harsh posturing toward North Korea only amplifies China's fears about American intensions. Japan, the historic aggressor in
the region, has recently doubled their funding for Theatre Missile Defense (TMD) systems, encouraged to do so by the Bush team. TMD systems would include interceptor missiles on Aegis
destroyers (built at Bath Iron Works in Maine). The blueprint of an American-Japanese missile defense system for the Pacific region would not be ready before 2005 but has already
forced China to consider how to respond. Preceding the mid-June U.S. breakout of the ABM Treaty that restricted Star Wars testing and deployment, GN affiliate No Nukes North organized a statewide caravan to build opposition in Alaska to missile defense. GN Coordinator Bruce Gagnon flew to Alaska and joined the caravan for a week. Stopping in cities and towns across the state the caravan leafleted, bannered, and talked with hundreds of citizens about Bush administration plans to build a new missile defense test range at Fort Greely in the interior of the country. The caravan drew wide media coverage. The first phase of the project, costing $325 million, will include construction of five silos to house missile defense interceptors and support structures. The test range, expected to be completed by September 2004, is scheduled to eventually house 100 interceptors costing a total of $60 billion. A second deployment site in North Dakota is contemplated for another 100 There has even been talk at the Pentagon of a third deployment site of 100 more interceptors in Maine to "protect" the east coast of the
U.S.. Lt. Gen. Ronald Kadish, in charge of the MDA, has stated that, "Over time, once you start building a defense system of this nature, you're never done. You should never be
done. If you are done then one of two things happened - either you no longer need the system or the threat has stayed still. In the history of war and military affairs, threats
never stay still." Fearing a new arms race in space, China has joined with Russia to again call for negotiations on a total ban on weapons in space. Last June they submitted a joint proposal to the U.N. Conference on Disarmament in Geneva supporting "the urgent adoption of all measures possible in order to prevent the deployment of weapons in outer space, rather than waste subsequently huge efforts and resources to have it de-weaponized." But the mid-June withdrawal by the U.S. of the 1972 ABM Treaty with Russia shows Bush is heading another direction. The U.S.
negotiator in Geneva responded to the China-Russia proposal by stating, "The U.S. sees no need for new outer space arms control agreements and opposes the idea of negotiating a new outer
space treaty."
9) KUCINICH WORKING HARD People are urged to contact their Congressional delegations immediately and urge their co-sponsorship of the bill. Rep. Kucinich also
lead a group of 31 congresspersons in an effort to stop the Bush administration from withdrawing from the ABM Treaty with Russia without congressional approval. They filed a law suit
before Judge John Bates, federal district court in Washington DC, and a decision by the judge is expected by the end of the year. Bush has renamed the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and has directed that all future tests of the National Missile Defense system (also renamed the ground-based midcourse system) be done in secret. The test launches, costing $100 million each, have had a string of failures and thus Bush and the MDA want to keep Congress and the public in the dark in order to keep funding secure. The MDA has awarded Boeing and Lockheed-Martin contracts for heading the new Missile Defense National Team that will help guide the future generation of Star Wars efforts. Boeing leads a team that will design a grand plan of how the various missile defense elements should work together, while Lockheed-Martin leads a team that will develop and build a command, control, and communications network that will connect all the elements. The emerging Star Wars program could be very different from the current mix of programs and systems. "Now that we are out of the ABM
Treaty we should go back to a clean sheet and start afresh..and fully exploit technologies in the absence of the Treaty," said Scott McMahon, analyst with the Rand Corporation. Without the restraints of the ABM Treaty the space warriors are calling for a "robust" research and development program to create a Star Wars system of multiple layers, similar to what Bush's father had under development during his rule a decade ago, but far more advanced. The key to this whole new direction is expanded testing and production of Theatre Missile Defense (TMD), or boost-phase systems that would be forward deployed in the Middle East and the Asian-Pacific region. In addition, new interest is being shown in anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons for disrupting or even destroying satellites. New test facilities on Kodiak Island, Alaska and Kauai, Hawaii will allow more testing opportunities for a host of new programs underway. The theory is to flood the program with lots of new systems in hopes that some of them will be made to work. So far, Congress is
turning over the funds, another $7 billion in Fiscal Year 2003 on top of the $8.3 billion the year before just for research and development. The Airborne Laser (a converted Boeing 747
with a laser on its nose) is designed to shoot down missiles in their boost phase. Tests of the high-energy laser beam are being simulated by Lockheed-Martin in Sunnyvale, CA.
The first chance to actually demonstrate the Airborne Laser against a flying target is expected in late 2004. The aircraft, flying out of Edwards A.F.B., CA will fire at a
ballistic missile target launched from Vandenberg A.F.B. heading along the Southern California coast. The Air Force eventually hopes to fly seven of the Airborne Lasers. The war in Afghanistan introduced the world to the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). They were named "Predator" and "Global Hawk." Pilotless planes, directed by satellite technology, give the U.S. "real time" intelligence and reconnaissance capability. Then, the Air Force put weapons on the Predator. "We want a shorter kill chain [the time between finding and attacking a target]; that's why we're weaponizing Predator," says Lt. Col. Douglas Boone, a Pentagon spokesman. Their "hunter-killer" capability has proven so valuable the Pentagon says commanders have gone from waiting for days to see reconnaissance photos to watching instant streaming video from Afghanistan. Military planners worry UAV's could be loaded with more sensors, more weapons, and more missions until they become too expensive to build
or too valuable to be risked in combat. The Global Hawk once was to cost $15 million but now goes for $48 million and is climbing to $75 million. Boeing is working with Israel to expand its Theatre Missile Defense system called Arrow that is now deployed south of Tel Aviv. Within 2-3 years, the Israel Defense Force (IDF) hopes to deploy two more Arrow units. Holding up those deployments at this time is a controversy in Israel about the health hazard created by the early-warning radar system that accompanies Arrow. (A similar controversy in the U.S. is now underway on Cape Cod, MA where the military is upgrading a PAVE PAWS radar facility for Star Wars). Today Israel is testing Arrow in the U.S., at the Navy's Pt. Magu, CA, test facility. Israel decided to move testing to the U.S. to
avoid constraints it faces at home. Israel also hopes to market the Arrow system to India in the near future. UAV's are being used by Israel to track and target Palestinians
during the current fighting in the occupied territories. Israel predicts more cooperation with the U.S. on war systems that utilize space technology, thus saving them research and
development funds in areas where the U.S. is already heavily invested. The Bush team has undertaken a major effort to bring European allies on-board the Star Wars train. It seems to be working. First, Secretary of War Rumsfeld lectured Europe on the need to expand its military spending. (Look for more cuts in European social spending as a result). The United Kingdom will boost its military appropriations by $5.5 billion in the coming years. Secondly, Bush warned Europe that if it wants to avoid the trend of U.S. "unilateralism" then NATO must become more "engaged in crisis management" activities. Thirdly, the U.S. is offering Star Wars contracts to European aerospace corporations hoping that money will neutralize any criticism by European governments of U.S. plans for space warfare. Taking its cue from the Bush administration, Boeing has entered pacts with three European companies to cooperate on missile defense, and more may follow. European companies' participation in the U.S. program could evolve into "the biggest trans-Atlantic program we have ever seen," says Rainer Hertrich, executive Officer of European Aeronautic, Space & Defense Company (EADS), Europe's biggest aerospace entity. Military authorities from five European nations also say they are moving toward a common European system for space-based reconnaissance by stitching together their national programs. Each of the five - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Spain - has signed a joint operational requirements document for space-based military reconnaissance. Lastly, European government officials are moving toward accepting the European Space Agency (ESA) as a participant in Europe's emerging
defense strategy, despite the agency's by-laws that limit it to peaceful purposes. Not all European leaders are excited about the militarization of ESA though. Greek Member of
Parliament, Konstantinos Ailyssandrakis, a professor of Astrophysics, has been speaking out. He worries that the ESA would become an instrument of military and foreign policy.
"Once you start using space for military purposes, I am afraid that there is no end to it," he recently wrote in the EU Parliament Magazine. Aerospace titans Northrup Grumman and TRW are set to merge in a $13.3 billion transaction that will make the combined company the U.S.'s second largest weapons contractor. The merger effectively will establish the new Northrup Grumman as a third major prime contractor in the Star Wars market. Increased military spending is helping to salvage the fortunes of U.S. aerospace corporations against continued decline in the commercial markets in 2002. (See:
Northrop Grumman Set To Takeover TRW )
16) MORE MILITARY FOR NASA The U.S. Navy is leading an initiative to "exploit" NASA environmental satellite imagery and data to aid strike planning and weapons selection for Afghanistan and other potential target areas in the Middle East, like Iraq. This new marriage of Navy and NASA capabilities is being forged by Naval Warfare Systems Command (Spawar) in San Diego, CA and the Naval Research Laboratory in Monterey, CA. The Pentagon's National Aerospace Initiative to create hypersonic weapons technology will also link NASA and the DoD. The goal is to develop a new generation of space propulsion systems that will lower launch costs and enable space vehicles (military space plane) to deliver conventional weapons from space, or support the operation of space-based weapons. NASA also recently announced the agency is developing "noninvasive neuro-electric sensors" (brain monitoring devices) that would collect tiny electric signals transmitted by all brains and hearts. NASA has suggested it intends to offer the technology to Northwest airlines so airline passengers "who potentially pose a threat" could be detected at boarding gates. It's no wonder a recent national poll revealed a majority of Americans is no longer enthusiastic about NASA's so-called "civilian" space
program. When the Orlando Sentinel asked which federal program should be cut first to fight NASA intends to spend nearly $1 billion in the next five years to expand its space nuclear and propulsion research and development program. "We are still doing exploration of our solar system in covered wagons," says Ed Weiler, NASA's Space Science Chief. "The Nuclear Systems Initiative will open up the railroad." Included in NASA plans are the nuclear rocket to Mars; a new generation of Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs); nuclear-powered robotic Mars rovers to be launched in 2003 and 2009; and the nuclear powered mission called Pluto-Kuiper Belt scheduled for January, 2006. Earl Wahlquits, Associate Director of the Department of Energy (DoE) Space & Defense Power Systems Office, said in July that the U.S. does
not have enough Plutonium 238 to meet the growing demand for space nuclear power. The DoE plans to resume production of the radioactive material this decade. But, re-establishing
a production capability at DoE nuclear labs will take 5-6 years so in the meantime the DoE will continue to buy Plutonium 238 from Russia. 18) SPACE NUKES SYMPOSIUM PROTEST For the third year in a row the Global Network (GN) will organize two days of protests on February 3-4, 2003 in Albuquerque, N.M. at the "20th Annual Symposium on Space Nuclear Power & Propulsion." This event draws the top players from NASA, DoE, DoD, nuclear academia and nuclear aerospace each year to plan the push of nuclear power into space. Hundreds of middle and high school students are brought to the symposium for indoctrination and the GN has been able to speak to many of these young people at our protests. Please put the date on your calendar and be with us if you can. More details later. Concerned the U.S. lacks the "passion" to make dramatic advances in space, a senior official in the Office of National Security Space Architect has started the Galaxy Explorers, a program similar to the Boy Scouts. Significant investment for the group will come from space industry officials as well as those at NASA and the Pentagon who will help develop and teach the curriculum. "This is a fantastic way to capture their interest at a very early age," said one leader of the group. In a related development, representatives from the Pentagon and aerospace contractor, Xontech, recently awarded Tulane University in New Orleans, LA. with a $2.46 million grant to develop technology to detect, track, and destroy enemy missiles. The Tulane Missile Defense Project will use the collective expertise of student computer scientists, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers and mathematicians to develop Star Wars. The Pentagon is pumping major funding into college and universities across America in order to bring a new generation on-board the space
warfare train. An investigation of your local institution of "higher learning" might reveal their participation in the program, too. On May 10-12, 2002 over 250 people from a dozen countries came to Berkeley, CA. for the GN's 10th Annual Membership Conference & Protest. Events began with a demonstration at Lockheed-Martin in nearby Sunnyvale where lasers for Star Wars are now being tested. A large delegation of students from Santa Clara University came to share the story about their campaign to get the university to refuse millions of dollars from Lockheed-Martin. The two days of conference and meetings that followed, held at the University of California in Berkeley, were inspiring as we heard from international activists telling us about their efforts to protest U.S. Space Command installations and Star Wars in their countries. Our annual Peace in Space Award was presented to Satomi Oba from Hiroshima, Japan for her tireless efforts to bring the space issue to her nation. Representatives from Australia and South Korea appealed to the GN membership to schedule our next meeting in their countries in order to support their isolated, but fervent efforts against the U.S. Pine Gap space spy base (Australia) and expected TMD deployments (South Korea). Their invitations were accepted and the 2003 GN meetings will be held in Australia (May 17-18) and South Korea (May 22-24) next year. We hope you will send representatives from your communities to these important meetings which should prove to be beneficial to the whole
international movement. 21) OCTOBER 4-11 INT'L ACTIONS
In addition to protests at key military installations, activists are organizing efforts to get into local schools and church communities to discuss the morality of moving the arms race into the heavens. Actions are planned in Germany, Romania, India, Denmark, Bangladesh, Japan, Nepal, Belgium, England, Philippines, Australia, France and Sweden. In the U.S. key installations like Kirtland A.F.B. in New Mexico, Bath Ironworks in Maine, Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NSA headquarters at Ft Meade in Maryland, Nevada Test Site, NASA's Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, Vandenberg A.F.B. in California, and Space Command HQ in Colorado Springs will be among the many expected to draw protests. By holding local actions together we are symbolically joining hands around the world, showing the power of the growing movement to keep space for peace. In the end, literally millions of people will be drawn into the debate. Help us by organizing a local event in your community - large or small. Teach people how space is now used for all war planning and execution on Earth. Order our "Keep Space for Peace Week" color poster by sending $3 to the GN right away. We also have newly updated brochures for distribution in your community during the week. Contact us for cost details. (See
action page ) 22) VERMONT & CALIFORNIA WIN ONE Those promoting Star Wars have quietly undertaken a national campaign to get State legislatures to pass resolutions in support of "missile defense." So far the stealth resolution campaign has prevailed in Georgia (Senate), Idaho (both chambers), Pennsylvania (House), New Mexico (House), and New Hampshire (House). Other states have resolutions pending. But peace activists in Vermont have defeated the resolution in their State House and, in California, good folks were able to bottle the resolution up in a committee. Please be on the alert in your state and help defeat these sneak attempts to create the impression that the people of America support Star
Wars. Let us know if they pop up in your state.
23) DONATE NOW This secure and easy feature is made possible through eGrants.org, a nonprofit internet foundation created by the Tides Foundation. All donations to the GN via this button are tax deductible and are processed utilizing the newest computer software to ensure that a donor' s information is kept private and secure. You can also order GN videos, books, etc. via this feature. Be sure to check out our new Donate Now button at the bottom of our homepage and here:
Help us stop the nuclearization and weaponization of space! Membership in the GN is open to all individuals and organizations on a
sliding scale between $10 - $100 (pay what you can best afford within that range). GN member and physics teacher Lynda Williams has put together a music CD by artists all over the U.S titled "No Space Wars: Songs for Peace in Space." All profits from the CD will benefit the GN. Many of the space songs on the CD are ones you have heard and loved at various GN events and conferences; several of the songs are brand new just for this CD. Among those performing their space songs on the CD are Holly Gwinn Graham (Olympia, WA), Tom Cobb (Bedford, MA), Stacy Studebaker (Kodiak Island, Alaska), Tom Neilson (Leverett, MA), Joel Landy (New York City), Hugh Blumenfeld (Coventry, CT), and Lynda Williams (Sebastopol, CA). Copies of the CD can be ordered for $12 (includes s/h) from the GN at PO Box 90083, Gainesville, FL 32607 or purchased on-line via our new
Donate Now button at the GN website. Enjoy the great music and help us expand support for our work! Space is vast and limitless. Who could ever imagine that "pollution" is becoming a problem in the heavens? But years of human space activity have deposited over 110,000 pieces of space junk in orbit around the Earth. The use of weapons and nuclear power in space would leave so much debris in orbit that low-flying satellites would be smashed to bits by the junk, traveling at 18,000 m.p.h. Joel Primack of the University of California, Santa Cruz recently released a report that was published in the space industry media. Primack, a prominent astrophysicist, concluded, "Even one war in space will [encase] the entire planet in a shell of whizzing debris that will thereafter make space near the Earth highly hazardous for peaceful as well as military purposes." Former astronaut Sally Ride, the first woman in space, gave a speech last spring in which she said anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons deployed in space would be "disastrous." In 1989, former Apollo astronaut and moon walker Edgar Mitchell spoke at an anti-Star Wars rally at the Kennedy Space Center, organized by the Florida Coalition for Peace & Justice. Mitchell said war in space would create so much space junk that humans would be "entombed" to the Earth. The time has come for a universal call to preserve space from the insanity of war and nuclear power. Help us create this new global consciousness about protecting space, and thus the Earth below.
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Bruce K. Gagnon |
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The contents herein are Copyright 2000, Global Network/Bruce Gagnon, the article may be reproduced for non-profit purposes as long as the
source is recognised, otherwise reproduction can be arranged through the Global Network. |
Plans for Keep Space for
Peace Week are moving ahead well as groups around the world are organizing to hold local activities between October 4-11, 2002. 